* Introduction
- Selenium, Zinc, Copper and Platinium are the essential inorganic materials to the human body cell, but they must be converted to an organic form to avoid the toxicity on cells.

- From the metal enriched microbes by the cultivation method, cells are treated with specific enzymes to generate peptides that containing Selenium/Zinc/Copper/Platinum.
After that, peptides are going through concentration and drying process.

Biopeptide SC
* INCI NAME : Saccharomyces/Selenium Ferment

* Introduction
- The human skin gets wrinkled and lax through the chronicle exposure to the sunlight.

- The ultra-structural alterations means not only the collagen synthesis but also the improvement on the diminished fibrils, reduced electron density and reduced cross-striations of degraded collagen.

- Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that specifically break down the proteins that comprise the connective tissues.

- There are four main MMPs : collagenase, 92 kD gelatinase, stromelysin, and metalloelastase.
- The UV irradiation induces expression of these four MMP genes in human skin in vivo, consistently with the UV activation of AP-1.

- Selenium is an essential trace element. It is potential to regulate functions in cell's growth, survival, cytotoxicity, and transformation.

- Selenium modulates the cellular activities by acting on proteins, which is important for signal transduction.

- Selenium compounds inhibit the functions of Na-K-ATPase, nuclear factor kB, and the transcription factor AP-1 by reacting to the sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

* Proposed Mechanism of MMP Inhibition by Biopeptide SC
The transcription of the genes for MMPs is dependent on the AP-1 and NF-kB in human skin fibroblasts. The expression of MMPs degrades the dermal matrix as well as it damages the skin.
The transcription factor AP-1 is composed of members of Jun and Fos families that is bound up to the PMA response elements of AP-1 sites. The Selenium peptide inhibits the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/ SAPK) through a thiol redox mechanism → The expression of MMP-1 can be prevented.

Biopeptide Zn
* INCI NAME : Saccharomyces/Zinc Ferment

* Introduction
- The mineral zinc is present in every part of the human body, and the 5% of the total is in skin.
Zinc is a potent antioxidant, essential to detoxification and to make a healthy skin. Zinc induces metallothionein, an essential cellular antioxidant, which is a part of the cell's natural defense system. Zinc also plays an important role in the turnover of the dermis, including a critical role in the healing process. It acts as a cofactor to many enzymatic reactions in DNA and RNA synthesis of cells.

* Proposed Mechanism of Skin Activation by Biopeptide Zn
What is the Metallothionein ?
- Protects skin from Toxic material and UV
- Reduces side effect of the cancer therapy

- Metal ion control :
Zn finger protein-DNA protection / Cofactor for enzymes / Affinity: Cd>Hg>>Zn

Biopeptide Cu
* INCI NAME : Saccharomyces/Copper Ferment

* Introduction
- Copper is involved in several key functions of the skin, and is one of the most important micronutrients for the repair of the human tissue. It is also a cofacter of many enzymes, including cytochrome C oxidase (necessary for the energy production), superoxide dismutase (provides antioxidant protection) and lysyloxidase (promotes the cross-linkage of elastin and collagen in skin).

- In 1970's, a group of scientists successfully separated a specific sequence of amino acids that contain copper (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine - GHK) from the human serum. They applied this initial piece of information to the build a copper-based peptide technology, which implicates the anti-aging and the tissue repair processes within.

- Biopeptide Cu, the copper peptide complexfrom MacroCare will help you to see the benefits of human copper peptides as it transfers copper to the cells. It is effective for wound repair, collagen stimulation, improvement of skin elasticity, reduction of free radical and oxidative damage.

* Proposed Action on Skin by Cu containing peptide

Biopeptide Pt
* INCI NAME : Saccharomyces/Platinium Ferment

* Active Oxygen and Antioxidant
- Active oxygen indicates several derivatives of Oxygen Free Radical that are promoted by UV inside of the skin.

- Active oxygen destroys collagen and elastin in dermis and oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids to create wrinkles, spots and freckles. And it also destroys skin cell's DNA that may possibly bring a skin cancer.

- Antioxidant eliminates such Free Radicals and 'oxidative stress' and prevents cancer, heart disease, liver function disorder and so on.

- The most well-known antioxidants are Vitamin C, Vitamine E, beta-carotine, Selenium and Platinum.

- According to the trend that values healthy living, consumers are focusing on antioxidant products with a sense of wellbeing-organic, natural and even detoxifying-not only in food but also in cosmetics.

* Characteristics of Biopeptide Pt
- Platinium is an essential inorganic materials to the human body cell, which works for collagen synthesis and cell renewal.

- To promote Platinum's skin permeability, we conjugated it with Biopeptide that has superior capability in it, by our novel enzyme technology.

- Can have benefits of both materials: anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial effect of Platinum, and Cell renewal effect of Biopeptide.

* Benefits of Biopeptide Pt
- Antioxidation : Collagen, Elastin Protection / Inhibition of Melanogenesis
- Anti-biotics : Prevents bacteria
- Cell Renewal : Collagen, Elastin Renewal / Promotes Biopolymer Synthesis